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Requiring users to change their passwords after they have aged a certain number of days is a common practice The logic behind it is that if a password is stolen or found out, it will be useful for only a limited amount of time Another result of this practice is that users will tend to change their password in a way that least impacts their work so they don t have to learn a new password One method might be to leave the main password in place but change only one or two characters such as a digit so the password is incremented but still basically the same A better solution might be to require strong passwords and then periodically run a utility such as John the Ripper1 against the encrypted passwords to ferret out any insecure ones.

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The total size of the SGA will be the sum of the memory allocated to the auto-tuned SGA parameters, memory allocated to the manual SGA parameters, and fixed SGA and internal allocations..

If the SGA_TARGET parameter is set to zero (the default), the auto-tuned SGA parameters behave as in previous versions of Oracle.

The Program Global Area (PGA)

System::AccessViolationException System::OutOfMemoryException System::IndexOutOfRangeException System::FormatException System::DivideByZeroException System::ArithmeticException System::ArithmeticException System::OverflowException System::ArithmeticException System::ArithmeticException System::DivideByZeroException System::OverflowException System::StackOverflowException System::Runtime:: InteropServices::SEHException

Oracle creates a program global area (PGA) for each user when the user starts a session. This area holds data and control information for the dedicated server process that Oracle creates for each individual user. Unlike the SGA, the PGA is for the exclusive use of each server process and can t be shared by multiple processes. A session s logon information and persistent information, such as bind variable information and data type conversions, are still a part of the SGA, unless you re using a shared server configuration, but the runtime area used while SQL statements are executing is located in the PGA. For example, a user s process may have some cursors (which are handles to memory areas where you store the values for variables) associated with it. Because these are the user s cursors, they are not automatically shared with other users, so the PGA is a good place to save those private values. Another major use of the PGA is for performing memory-intensive SQL operations that involve sorting, such as queries involving ORDER BY and GROUP BY clauses. These sort operations need a working area, and the PGA provides that memory area.

Implementing this solution combined with password aging might be even better albeit annoying to your user base The following script watches over the /etc/shadow file to determine how long it s been since the users have changed their passwords The shadow file contains, among other things, account information such as encrypted user passwords and the day when a password was last changed When the expiration date of an account approaches, the script starts annoying the user with a canned e-mail message letting them know they need to change their password and that the account will be locked if they don t The script could easily be modified to support other notification methods..

For most OLTP databases, where transactions are very short, the PGA use is quite low. On the other hand, complex, long-running queries, which are more typical of DSS environments, require larger amounts of PGA memory.

You can classify the PGA memory into the following types: Private SQL area: This area of memory holds SQL variable bind information and runtime memory structures. Each session that executes a SQL statement will have its own private SQL area. Runtime area: The runtime area is created for a user session when the session issues a SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement. After an INSERT, DELETE, or UPDATE statement is run, or after the output of a SELECT statement is fetched, the runtime area is freed by Oracle. If a user s session uses complex joins or heavy sorting (grouping and ordering) operations, the session uses the runtime area to perform all those memory-intensive operations.

A cursor is a handle to a private SQL area in memory, and the OPEN_CURSORS initialization parameter determines the number of cursors in your instance.